Linux commands are essential for managing servers, troubleshooting, and performing everyday tasks efficiently. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced user, mastering basic Linux commands will enhance your productivity and system management skills. This guide covers the top 10 basic Linux commands that every user should know.

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1. ls (List Directory Contents)

The ls command is used to list files and directories within a folder.

ls

Common Options:

  • ls -l → Displays files in a detailed list format.
  • ls -a → Shows hidden files.
  • ls -lh → Displays file sizes in a human-readable format.

2. cd (Change Directory)

The cd command allows you to navigate between directories.

cd /path/to/directory

Usage Examples:

  • cd /home/user/Documents → Moves to the Documents folder.
  • cd .. → Moves one directory up.
  • cd ~ → Moves to the home directory.

3. pwd (Print Working Directory)

Displays the current directory you are working in.

pwd

4. mkdir (Create Directory)

The mkdir command is used to create a new directory.

mkdir new_folder

To create multiple directories:

mkdir folder1 folder2 folder3

5. rm (Remove Files and Directories)

The rm command deletes files and directories.

rm file.txt

To remove a directory and its contents:

rm -r directory_name

Caution: This command permanently deletes files.

6. cp (Copy Files and Directories)

The cp command is used to copy files or directories.

cp source.txt destination.txt

To copy an entire directory:

cp -r source_directory destination_directory

7. mv (Move or Rename Files and Directories)

The mv command moves files from one location to another or renames files.

mv oldname.txt newname.txt

To move a file to another directory:

mv file.txt /path/to/destination/

8. touch (Create an Empty File)

The touch command creates an empty file or updates the timestamp of an existing file.

touch newfile.txt

9. chmod (Change File Permissions)

The chmod command modifies file and directory permissions.

chmod 755 script.sh

Permission Breakdown:

  • chmod 777 file → Full permissions for everyone.
  • chmod 644 file → Read and write for owner, read-only for others.
  • chmod +x script.sh → Makes a script executable.

10. grep (Search for Patterns in a File)

The grep command searches for specific text within a file.

grep "search_term" file.txt

Common Options:

  • grep -i → Case-insensitive search.
  • grep -r → Searches recursively in directories.
  • grep -n → Shows line numbers in results.

Conclusion

Mastering these basic Linux commands will help you navigate and manage your system efficiently. Whether you’re handling files, modifying permissions, or searching for text, these commands form the foundation of Linux system administration.